Kidney Stones

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What is Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones (also known as renal calculi) are hard, crystalline mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys. They can develop when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals and salts to crystallize and stick together. Kidney stones can vary in size, ranging from tiny grains to larger stones that can block the urinary tract.

How to diagnose Kidney Stones? When to consult a doctor?

Kidney stones can be diagnosed using imaging tests such as ultrasounds, X-rays, CT scans, or intravenous pyelograms (IVP). Urine and blood tests may also be used to identify underlying causes.

You should consult a doctor if:

  • Sharp, intense pain in the back, side, or lower abdomen, often described as the worst pain you’ve ever felt.
  • If you notice pink, red, or brown urine, this could indicate that the stone is causing irritation or damage to the lining of the urinary tract.
  • Kidney stones can lead to nausea and vomiting, particularly if the pain is severe or if the stone is causing a blockage in the urinary tract.
  • Fever, chills, and other signs of infection may occur if the stone is causing a urinary tract infection (UTI). This is a medical emergency, as an infection can spread to the kidneys and bloodstream (sepsis).
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Causes
  • Dehydration
  • Diet
  • Family History
  • Medical Conditions
  • Obesity
  • Medications
Symptoms
  • Severe Pain
  • Blood in Urine (Hematuria)
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Frequent Urination or Urgency
  • Painful Urination (Dysuria)
  • Fever and Chills
Frequently Asked Questions

Small stones may pass within a few days to a few weeks. The time depends on the stone's size and location in the urinary tract.

Treatment depends on the size and type of stone. Small stones may pass on their own with increased fluid intake and pain relief. Larger stones may require medical interventions such as shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or in severe cases, surgery.

Yes, preventive measures include drinking plenty of water to stay hydrated, limiting sodium and oxalate-rich foods, and following a diet low in protein and salt. Some individuals may need medication to prevent future stones.